Currently, insecticide treated nets ITNs and indoor residual spraying IRS is conducted in rural areas by the NMEP, but not in urban settings due to the documented low risk of malaria [ 21 ], resource limitations, and low community acceptance of IRS. New types of nets, such as PBO nets, may be useful vector control tools for use against An.
Further work is needed to understand An. IRS is largely conducted in rural areas using products containing pirimiphos-methyl and clothianidin, so further work is needed to clarify the susceptibility of An. Temephos has been used as a larvicide in Ethiopia to control An. All five sites where An. Further work is needed to determine the susceptibility to other larvicides that might be used for control of An.
While this work provides fundamental data on An. Firstly, with the exception of , the larval surveys were not done according to a standardized grid-based protocol, that is, teams looked around the survey area and sampled any potential larval habitats as they were found. Only positive sites were recorded, and the number of dips per site and the GPS points of each site were not recorded.
Furthermore, sites negative for An. This limits our understanding of the concentration of An. Secondly, large numbers of mosquitoes identified as An. Tyres are an uncommon larval site of An. However, the specimens were not kept after identification, so further collections will be needed to confirm this finding.
Reports of false positives have been found, particularly in cases when mosquitoes have fed on animals [ 22 ]. This was not done in this study, which is a source of concern, as most of the mosquitoes were collected from animal shelters and high animal feeding was noted. Further work is needed to provide additional confirmation of sporozoite-positive samples. Finally, there were occasionally large discrepancies between susceptibility test results, even when testing mosquitoes from the same location.
While these did not change the interpretation of the test that the population was resistant to alpha-cypermethrin , such wide variation could influence overall results.
It is important to ensure to the extent possible that larvae collected from the field are reared, and adults tested, in standard conditions feeding, temperature, larvae per pan, etc. More data are needed to determine the distribution, role as a vector of malaria parasites, and interventions that can effectively control An. This must be a priority not only for the NMEP in Ethiopia, but for the entire malaria control community. Sinka et al. While An. Anopheles stephensi , an invasive malaria vector in Africa, has been described as a potential threat to malaria control and elimination in Africa.
First detected in in Ethiopia, An. Blood meal analysis showed that An. As vector control measures are considered, high levels of resistance to many of the insecticides used on ITNs and for IRS may render these interventions less effective [ 19 ], and therefore alternative interventions, such as new types of nets PBO and bi-treated , and larviciding, may need to be considered.
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Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes changes in response to variations in the larval environment. Sci Rep. Download references. The technicians who participated in mosquito collections and laboratory analysis are warmly thanked. We also thank community members who allowed collections to be made in their communities and homes. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author s and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the U.
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Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. This article has been updated. Abstract Background Anopheles stephensi , an invasive malaria vector, was first detected in Africa nearly 10 years ago.
Methods Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing collections, pyrethrum spray catches, CDC light traps, animal-baited tent traps, resting boxes, and manual aspiration from animal shelters. Results Adult An. Conclusions Understanding the bionomics, insecticide susceptibility and distribution of An.
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